Every source, its license, and its actual status

graph.mapillary.com (images), tiles.mapillary.com (coverage density)

License: Contributor-licensed CC BY-SA; Developer Terms restrict re-hosting

Primary imagery source. No image bytes downloaded or committed — see licensing note on /coverage. Requires MAPILLARY_TOKEN, not yet provided.

overpass-api.de, ~10,000 req/day fair-use guidance

License: ODbL — share-alike, attribution required

Road-network universe (highway tags → road class). Each response saved with a manifest (query, timestamp, OSM version) under data/raw/osm/.

hub.worldpop.org/geodata, India population raster

License: CC BY 4.0

100m resolution population covariate for the propensity model.

human-settlement.emergency.copernicus.eu, clipped to India

License: Open / CC attribution

10m built-up surface, 100m/1km population & degree-of-urbanisation.

NOAA/NCEI or Google Earth Engine NOAA_VIIRS_DNB_MONTHLY_V1

License: Public domain (US government)

~15 arcsec (~500m) monthly nightlight radiance covariate.

data.gov.in Town Directory / Amenities / PCA tables

License: NDSAP (open, attribution required)

Manual per-state download; source of the 2011 city-proper population figures used in city selection.

Inconsistent per-state portals

License: Inconsistent; some withdrawn

Could not confirm a canonical open bulk source.

Open read API, no auth required

License: CC BY-SA

India coverage unverified, same caveat as Mapillary. Kept as a supplementary source only.

Registration required

License: Non-commercial academic research-use license

Real Indian street imagery, but route-sampled (not a systematic city grid) — unsuitable as a coverage-bias source by design. Internal model-sanity check only, never redistributed.